Comprehensive Prevention and Control Techniques for Apple Tree Rot Disease and Contingency Countermeasures to Control Sprawl Fruit Industry-Pests and Diseases
Comprehensive Prevention and Control Techniques of Apple Tree Rot and Emergency Control Measures
Disease Prevention and Control Research Center Sun Guangyu Guo Yunzhong Cao Keqiang
Soil and Nutrition Research Institute Jiang Yuanmao
Changwu Comprehensive Experimental Station
In recent years, the rot of apple trees in China has been increasing year by year. According to the survey, the average strain incidence rate in apple production areas in China is 52.5%. This year, apple tree rot disease is particularly serious throughout the country. Some young orchards and some nurseries are 4-5 years old. Apple tree rot disease also occurs from time to time, if you do not take effective measures, apple rot disease will spread in apple production areas, destroy a large number of orchards, must cause the management of all levels, scientific workers and the majority of fruit farmers attach great importance Take effective measures to jointly control apple tree rot in a relatively small area. To this end, the National Apple Industry Technology System and the Shaanxi Provincial Fruit Industry Bureau held the National Symposium on the Prevention and Control of Apple Tree Rot and Early Deciduous Diseases on April 24-25, 2010 in Baishui, Shaanxi Province. During the period of prevention and control, prevention and control of pesticides, and supporting measures, we conducted in-depth discussions and were organized by relevant experts in the Research and Prevention of Diseases and Pest Control System of the System to form an approved apple tree rot disease prevention and control program, which is now issued to everyone. Reference to use, and feedback to us in order to continuously improve the use of results.
Apple tree rot disease is the most important disease causing the destruction of gardens. It is referred to by the fruit farmers as the cancer of the apple tree. Pathogens are overwintering in the bark of the disease or in the xylem of the diseased locust. The diseased spot produces conidia in the early spring. The spores spread with the wind and rain, and they germinate from cutsaws, frozen wounds, diseases and insects, or leaf marks and fruit with dead tissue. Taiwan and stalk marks, and the invading skin layer invade the tree body, invade and then latent, showing peak incidence in spring and autumn. The rot bacterium is a weak parasitic fungus, and the occurrence of the disease is closely related to the tree vigor. The tree vigor is strong, the germs can be lurking for a long time, and the tree vigor is quickly morbid.
In recent years, it has been generally severe. China's apple tree rot disease has entered its fifth peak in history. In production, the main problems that mainly exist in the prevention and control of rot are: heavy treatment, light prevention; heavy pharmaceuticals, light tree vigor; heavy spring cure, light annual prevention and treatment.
I. Comprehensive control strategies and techniques for apple tree rot
Prevention and treatment of apple tree rot disease should adopt the comprehensive prevention and control measures centered on the cultivation of tree vigor, timely protection of wounds, and reduction of tree-carrying bacteria as the main preventive measures, and the application of disease-smearing agent as a supplementary means. The rot disease control techniques are summarized as follows: one application, two applications, three injections, and four applications (abbreviated as “1234 method”). One application: one organic fertilizer is applied after the fruit is harvested to cultivate tree vigor; the second is scraping: the rot disease spot is scraped twice in the early spring and late autumn; three sprays: the spring is used to clean the garden, post-flower and post-harvest spraying to prevent infestation; Coating: Applicator protects the wound after trimming, and the dry coating during the growth period promotes the falling off of the skin layer. The trunk is painted with white antifreeze before entering the winter. After the curettage, the anti-recurrence is applied.
1, dormancy protection
Wound spray protection
Clipping and sawing are the main parts of apple rot. In the early spring, the wounds caused by pruning and all the uncut healing saws and insect wounds of the previous year must be protected by applying the medicine immediately after pruning. Pharmacy should choose 3% humic acid sodium solution or 5% bacteriostatic water solution 50 times or 1.5% thiopenton cream, in addition to the wound coating, but also in the whole garden spray 1 chemical agent to reduce orchard bacteria Amount, to prevent conidial infection, the agent can be used 25% Propiconazole EC 600 times or 45% Schnerning agent 400 times or 1.5% TEM water emulsion 500 times or 2.12% copper humate 100 times liquid. The spraying required to be completed before sprouting.
Main body coating
The trunk is one of the main parts of the rot disease, and it is also the place where the skin layer and the surface ulcer occur. After scraping the rot in early spring, it is recommended to apply 60% organic potassium humic acid 30 times to brush the main stem and the base of the main branch. It is beneficial to eradicate rot bacteria, provide nutrients for trees, and enhance disease resistance.
2, bud prevention
Scratch treatment, in the early spring and autumn found rot lesions should be timely curettage. Requirements: For lesions that have developed into xylem, they are scraped into ovals and erections. According to the thickness of the stems, it is required to scrape beyond the borders of the lesions, to scrape 1cm laterally, to scrape 3cm longitudinally, and to attack only the phloem. The lesions can be scraped off the discoloured bast tissue. Then apply medicine. The applied agent can be selected from 1.5% thiflumone ointment or "Indigo" artificial bark ointment or 3% humic acid sodium solution, or 5% bacteriostatic water solution 50 times. Drugs need to be applied 2-3 times in succession, 10-15 days apart, to prevent recurrence of disease.
3, medication after flowering
The period from March to May is the main period in which spores spread and infect the spores. Conidia are produced and propagated on the condition of rainfall. Therefore, on the basis of the spraying protection of the tree during the dormant period, it should be combined with the prevention and treatment of other diseases after flowering and should be combined. Rainfall, once again the entire garden medication. The agent can be selected from 10% difenoconazole water dispersible granules 3000 times or 70% diethylaluminophosphate manganese zinc wettable powder 1000 times.
4, apple growing season main applicator
June is the period when the tree appears to have a skin layer, and it is also a period of surface ulceration. Use 60% organic potassium humate (sodium) 30-40 times, or 2.12% copper humate 5-10 times to brush the main stem and the main branch base to promote the shedding of the skin and reduce the formation of surface ulcers .
5, after the apples are harvested medication
After the apple was harvested, it coincided with the second peak of rot disease. Therefore, a chemical should be sprayed on the entire tree 15-20 days after harvest to protect the natural wounds such as rot, leaf marks and stalk marks. The agent should choose 30% basic copper chloride (copper oxychloride, Wang copper) suspension agent 600 times, or 25% propiconazole cream 2000 times.
6, the trunk painted white antifreeze
Before winter soil freezing (about the middle of November), anti-freeze is applied by applying whitening agent (10 parts of water, 3 parts of quicklime, 0.5 parts of sulfur powder, 0.5 parts of salt, 0.05 parts of animal and vegetable oil). The trunk was painted and the main branch was applied to a distance of 50 cm from the trunk.
7, bridging
For diseases that are more than half the diameter of the trunk, single or multiple bridging is required to facilitate the transmission of nutrients and to promote the restoration of tree vigor.
8, training and strong tree potential
Reasonable fertilization
(1) Increase the use of organic fertilizers, long-term use of livestock and poultry organic fertilizers into high-quality compost or bio-organic fertilizer, promote the organic and inorganic application; according to the soil fertility conditions and yield levels, appropriate reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers; attention calcium The combined application of magnesium, boron and zinc.
(2) Combine with high-yield and high-yielding cultivation techniques such as reasonable pruning, grass mulching, film mulching, natural weeds, and ridging, refer to the appropriate amount of retained fruits and soil fertility indicators to control the annual total amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, and grade according to tree vigor and tree age. Regulate NPK fertilizer.
(3) Pay attention to the application of autumn basal fertilizer. Apple's autumn basal fertilizer is quickly applied after harvesting. The method of application is to take a ditch or cave method.
Specific fertilization measures
(1) Early-maturing varieties, or fertile soil, or small age, or strong tree vigor, orchards applying high-quality farm organic fertilizer 2-3 squares/mu; late-maturing varieties, thin soil, large trees, weak orchard organic fertilizer applied 3 -4 square/mu.
(2) More than 4500 kg per mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 25-35 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 10-15 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 20-30 kg/mu, and mu yield 3500-4500 kg: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 20-25 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8-12 kg/mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 15-20 kg/mu; per mu yield below 3500 kg: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 15-20 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 6-10 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 15-20 kg/mu.
(3) For orchards without zinc, boron, and calcium in the soil, apply 1-1.5 kg of zinc sulfate, 0.5-1.0 kg of borax, and 30-50 kg of calcium nitrate per acre. Mix with organic fertilizer in autumn or early spring. Basal fertilizer application; spraying bactericide sprayed 3-5 times of foliar calcium fertilizer before fruit bagging.
(4) For Wangshu, 50% of nitrogen fertilizer is applied in autumn basal fertilizer, and the rest is applied during flower bud differentiation and fruit enlargement; for weak trees, 30% of nitrogen fertilizer is applied in autumn basal fertilizer, and 50% is applied during flowering in March. Applied in mid-June. 70% of the phosphate fertilizer was applied in the fall, and the remaining phosphate fertilizer could be applied in the spring; 40% of the potassium fertilizer was used as the fall basal fertilizer, 20% was in the flowering stage, and 40% was applied in the fruit enlargement period. The late-maturing varieties are supplemented with nitrogen and potassium fertilizers according to the yield from late July to mid-August.
Reasonable fruit retention
Determine the amount of fruit on the basis of the ratio of leaf to fruit. High Yield Park: 28:1; Medium Orchard: 36:1; Severe Orchard: 60:1.
Second, the new characteristics of rot disease in Shaanxi Province in recent years and the control of contagion emergency measures
According to our findings in more than 100 orchards in Pucheng, Qianxian County, Xunyi County, Changwu, Binxian and Baishui counties in March-April this year, the average planting rate in orchards at the middle management level is as high as 40-50%. The management rate of the diseased orchard was 100%, and several lesions were widespread in a single tree, indicating that the extent of apple tree rot disease occurred in our province in 2010 was higher than in previous years. The occurrence of rot disease in our province presents some new features:
1, the "old orchard" occurred generally occurred. The number of fruit orchards planted in our province in the early 1990s was supposed to be strong. However, due to the severe shortage of organic fertilizers or the use of organic fertilizers in many orchards and the prevention and control of early defoliation, the size of the orchards caused serious debilitating effects. , causing the rot disease to become more serious, some orchards less than twenty years old have
The felling began.
2. The incidence of saw cuts is the main feature of this rot disease epidemic. According to our survey on the incidence of rot disease in Yangling, Qianxian, Yongshou, Baishui, Xuanyi and other places. It was found that 20 to 30% of the old-onset diseased offenders were in the field, and 70-80% of the new-onset lesions were found. In the new lesions, the incidence of excision and excision accounts for more than 90%. In the weak orchard detrimental orchards, the incidence of cuts is widespread. Most orchards do not currently have the awareness and habits of cutting protection.
3. Some 4-5-year-old nursery schools and even seedlings in nurseries have rot. This is a new trend in the serious occurrence and accelerating spread of the rot disease. Most of the rot that occurs in saplings occurs at the slashing and grafting sites.
Based on these new characteristics of rot disease and the fact that in the short term, the lack of realistic possibilities through extensive application of organic fertilizers, we believe that we should protect wounds, prevent the infection of rot bacteria, increase the frequency of application of scraping wounds, and prevent As an emergency measure to control the rapid spread of rot disease, old plague repeats.
1. Do a good job in prevention work and strengthen the protection of wounds during dormancy. Particular emphasis is placed on the protection of the cutting of orchards (including young gardens) with weaker tree vigor. The protection of saw cuts has been widely adopted by fruit growers, and for the protection of cut-outs, training and guidance are needed to make farmers aware of their importance.
2, do a good job of disease scraping treatment. For the spring curettage, due to the use of agents currently on the market, the general relapse rate is between 20-30%. Therefore, the number of application times should be increased. It is recommended to apply 2-3 consecutive times with intervals of 10-15 days to prevent recurrence of disease. In addition, it will cure the strong autumn rot disease. In this regard, it is also necessary to strengthen training and guidance for technicians and farmers.
3. Humic acids have drought resistance, cold resistance, and disease resistance, and can also promote the shedding of the skin layer to help eradicate the rot bacteria. It can provide nutrients for the tree. It is recommended that it be divided into 3 times (March, June and September) ) Apply or spray on trunks separately. Applying a higher concentration to the trunk gives better results. Soil application of humic acid has obvious effects on improving soil structure, increasing the use of chemical fertilizers, improving tree vigor, and resisting rot. It is recommended to use it properly with chemical fertilizers.
4. Spring is a critical period of rot infection. It can be combined with clearing the garden, preventing other diseases before germination, and after spraying twice. The spray should be performed on the branches.
Fixing Agent,Permanent Makeup Fixing Agent,Tattoo Accessories
Goochie Beauty Equipment Co., Ltd. , http://www.gztattoos.com
没有评论:
发表评论