Apple's growing method

The cultivation method of the apple First, choose the good seed that meets the market demand and the appropriate cultivation method 1. The main thoroughbred is early mature: No. 1 of Fujimu, new Ayala, Shan Xia. In late-maturing: Marshal (10th generation), Red King, New World, and New Jonagold. Late Maturity: Benefits Short Wealth (Line 1-3), Tobacco Rich Lines (1-6). 2. Cultivation methods (1) The tree anvil is short and densely planted. Selection of Malus oysterii, Xifeng Begonia, Henan Begonia as the rootstock, grafted fine short-stem type. The garden density is generally 34; 24; 35. (2) Dwarf anvil dense planting. Dwarfing the interstock: Baicai jellyfish was used as the base anvil, and the interstocks were mainly M7, M26 and M9, and they were grafted with fine varieties such as tobacco rich lines and short-rich lines. Dwarfed self-rootstock: Grafting fine varieties on the self-rootstock has a good control effect, with M26 and MM106 as the best, followed by M7, on which fine varieties are grafted, usually Yanfu 1-5 or other series. Joe crown variety. Second, the reform of the soil management system, the adoption of the turfgrass system and the turfgrass system currently adopted in the past, effectively solved the conflict between weeds and fruit trees for nutrients and water, but destroyed the soil structure and was not conducive to the improvement of soil organic matter. In addition, serious soil and water loss should be abolished in the future and grass or grass should be fully implemented. 1. Grass-covered orchard grass mulching has the advantages of expanding the range of roots, maintaining soil moisture, stabilizing ground temperature, increasing soil nutrients, increasing the ability to retain fertilizer and water, and preventing the growth of weeds. However, there is also an increase in surface root absorption and a temporary lack of surface. Nitrogen, in winter, roots are frozen. Therefore, we must pay attention to timely nitrogen supplementation, grass can not be interrupted, given timely sterilization. Grass cover can be carried out all year round. It is better to start from May to June. Water and grass should be applied first. The thickness should be 15-20 cm or more. Wheat straw, wild grass, bean leaf, and oyster shell should be preferred. Covering the grass should pay attention to leave the trunk 0.5 meters, the grass is pressed on the soil a little bit of soil, if the grass source is insufficient in the coming year, do not put the grass into the ground in the autumn base fertilizer, and then cover the amount of grass, turning in 3-5 years , and then cover the grass. 2. The grass cultivation system is an advanced soil management system commonly used in the world and has a significant effect on increasing soil organic matter and nutrient content, maintaining water and soil, and increasing production and income. There are currently three ways of growing grass: whole garden, inter-row, and inter-plant. If possible, the entire garden should be used for grass. The types of grass include clover, grass hibiscus, ryegrass, etc. Generally, the amount per mu is 0.5-1 kg. , Under normal circumstances, harvest 3-5 times a year and leave 8-10 cm. After the cut grass is overlaid on the tree plate and continuous grass for 5 years, it can be turned over in the spring, and it will be renewed after 1-2 years. Grass. Thirdly, increase organic manure in large quantities, promote formula fertilization, apply scientific irrigation to fertilize orchards in the orchards to ensure the supply of various nutrient elements needed for the growth of fruit trees, improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil, and facilitate the activities of soil organisms, so as to continuously improve soil fertility. Growth and development create favorable conditions. But no matter what kind of elements are too much or too little, it will cause harm to the fruit trees. Therefore, only with reasonable application of organic and inorganic fertilizers, can we achieve high yield, high quality, and high efficiency. 1. Fertilization with organic fertilizer orchard should not be blind, and soil testing and morphological diagnosis should be conducted before fertilization to determine the type and amount of fertilization. Organic manure includes manure, chicken manure and various animal manures. The organic content of cake fertilizer is high, and it is the best organic fertilizer. It is required to apply 1.5-2 kg organic fertilizer per kilogram of fruit, preferably every 2-3 years, and generally 4000-5000 kg of Mushi. Fertilization time is best from late August to mid-September, and it can also be applied after harvest to defoliation. The fertilization method is generally a circular groove, an annular groove, or a radial groove between the rows. At the outer edge of the crown projection, a 50-60 cm deep, 40-50 cm wide ring-shaped groove is dug, organic fertilizer is applied, and the soil is backfilled. And irrigation can be, other methods can refer to this method. 2. The proportion of N, P, and K in apple trees used for formula fertilization is generally 2:2:1 for young trees, and the result period is 1.5:1:2. The amount of fertilizer used to produce 100 pounds of apples requires 1 pound of pure nitrogen, and other elements are applied proportionally. Most apples currently used in the production of many brands of apple fertilizer are mostly apple formulas, if they are not, they should be suitable for the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and apples themselves. In addition, calcium, zinc, iron and other trace elements should be added in combination with appropriate amounts of fertilization. The main fertilization period: 1 after germination to before flowering (March 25 to April 10), this period is dominated by nitrogen, and applied to 60-70% of the total nitrogen requirement of the year. 2 Before flower bud differentiation and fruit expansion (late May to early June), nitrogen should be applied to 20-30% during this period, while phosphorus and potassium are applied to 40-50% of the total amount of the year. 3 In the late fruit growth period (mid-September and mid-September), phosphorus and potassium are the main components in this period, and 50-60% of the total phosphorus and potassium are applied in combination with the application of organic fertilizer, and the total amount of nitrogen is about 10%. Fertilization method: Dig 15-20 cm deep at the outer edge of the canopy and 3-5 shallow ditch lengths of 80-100 cm. Spread the fertilizer evenly into the ditch and mix it with the soil. Then cover the soil. The next time the top dressing is staggered from the previous one, irrigation will be performed immediately after fertilization. 3. The top-dressing topdressing fertilizer is foliar spray fertilizer, which has the advantages of quick fertilizer effect, no limitation of soil conditions, high fertilizer utilization rate, and can directly meet the needs of fruit trees, but can only be used as auxiliary fertilizer. The type of topdressing fertilizer is generally nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, iron, zinc, boron, etc. It can generally be carried out 6-8 times in the whole year. Before fruit bagging (June 30th), nitrogen, calcium and boron are mainly used. After the main phosphorus, potassium, iron, zinc, etc., is generally 0.3% of urea, phosphoric acid diamine, borax, ferrous sulfate, zinc sulfate, 500-600 times the amino acid compound fertilizer and so on. 4. Scientific irrigation irrigation can not only ensure the water requirement of apple trees, but also regulate the ground temperature. However, improper irrigation can also cause great losses. Therefore, scientific irrigation should be conducted according to the apple's water requirement law. The irrigation period is generally divided into three times each year. The best period is from budding to flowering (March 25-April 9), and the expanding water is falling 10-15 days (around May 20) and freezing water (11). In the middle of the month, if there is no potting of frozen water, it can also be used before the March 20 of the following year. In addition, irrigation and drainage should be performed according to the conditions of the orchard. The irrigation methods include irrigation of tree trays, furrow irrigation, whole garden irrigation, drip irrigation, and sprinkler irrigation. In general, the pre-emergence water and the frozen water are all irrigated in the whole park, and the rest can be filled with tree trays and inter-row furrow irrigation. Where conditions permit, sprinkler irrigation or drip irrigation can be used. Fourth, moderate pruning, adjust the structure, control the branch tree shape to improve the spindle shape, the main part of the base to retain 3-4 large branches, a small spindle in the upper culture, tree height control in 3 meters, diameter 2.5 - 3.5 meters. The large-scale fruiting branches in the upper middle are controlled at 6-8. The first time you want to form the backbone of the branch when the winter cut. The main branch angle is maintained at 70-80 degrees, at the same time, the dense branches are eliminated and the light path is opened; the method of combining sparseness, slowness, sparseness, and shrinkage is adopted to eliminate excessively dense branches, leggy branches, and thin branches. Excess head shoots, shrunk and squeezing down the lengthy branches in time, controlling the branches on the back, eventually leaving the large branch spacing of about 60 centimeters, the middle branch spacing of about 40 centimeters, the branchlets spacing of about 20 centimeters, and the amount of acres after winter cutting. Control within 80,000, so that branches of branches to see the light, see the light of fruit. During the growing season, summer cuts should be carried out in time to eliminate the germinating branches of standing branches, dense branches, and slashing cuts, and to increase the transparency of the crown. In addition, measures such as topping, twisting, and sticking should be adopted in a timely manner in order to cultivate robust results and achieve high-yield and stable production. V. Doing a good job in flowering pollination and fruit thinning Fruits and apples are relatively low in self-cultivation rate. Red Fuji is even lower. In many years, the weather encountered low temperatures, dust, winds and other disasters, directly affecting the output of the year. quality. Therefore, flower-assisted pollination has an extremely important role. The pollination of apples mainly uses honeybee pollination and artificial pollination. Bee pollination generally puts a box of 3-5 mu. In addition, pollinating bees, whose activity ability exceeds the bees, can be used for pollination. Here focuses on Apple's artificial pollination. 1, artificial pollination (1) take powder. Select the most suitable pollination type, and take the petal close to the flower that has opened or the petal has just opened. Place it on a sieve of iron and gently rub it back and forth with your hands. You can also use both hands to hold a flower to each other. The anther is placed on a relatively smooth white paper, placed in a well ventilated, the temperature at 20-25 °C environment, pay attention to the maximum temperature can not exceed 27 °C, about 12 hours, the anthers cracked, pollen out Reserve, If you need pure pollen, you can filter out the drug shell with fine crushed, the remaining yellow powder is 100% pure pollen. (2) Pollination. Pollination methods include liquid pollination and artificial pollination. 1 Liquid Pollination: 100% pure pollen is made into urine and pollen solution. The specific preparation ratio is 1 kg water: 2 g pollen: 3 g urea: 4 g borax: 50 g white sugar. The preparation method is to first add 30 grams of white sugar to 0.8 kg of water, add 3 grams of urea to make sugar and urine, then add 20 grams of white sugar to the remaining 0.2 kilograms of water, add 2 grams of pollen, mix, filter In sugared urine, 4 grams of borax or 1 gram of boric acid is added before spraying. Generally, 60% of flowers are sprayed when they are opened, so that they can be evenly and thoroughly preserved. 2 Artificial Pollination: Collect the prepared pollen in a brown glass bottle and give it with a brush (smaller hair) or an eraser pencil (with a rubber head). You can spot 6-8 flowers at a time, each inflorescence point. 1-2 flowers are given, centered on the main flower, and the time is controlled on the day when the flowers are open. The branches of the pistil are yellowish-green and shiny. If the branches have turned yellow-brown, it indicates that the flower has a longer opening time and is pollinated. Has no effect, optional additional flowers to teach. 2. Thinning and Thinning of Fruits?? Thinning flowers generally start from the inflorescence extension period, and according to the amount of flowers, leaves a thick inflorescence every 15-20 centimeters, and then remove all other redundant inflorescences. 2 weeks after flowering, thinning of fruit begins, generally 20-25 cm, 1 fruit, or 5-6:1, or 50-60:1 leaf fruit ratio, in principle, only fruit, fruit-shaped Such as Jura, Shan Xi can also stay double, through the sparse fruit to control its maximum yield of 2500-3000 kg. VI. Intensifying the coloring management In addition to genetic factors, the color of apple fruits is mainly affected by sugar content, light, temperature, moisture, mineral nutrients, and plant growth regulators. Therefore, on the basis of strengthening the comprehensive management of orchard water and orchard in orchards and strict flower thinning and fruit thinning, promotion of fruit bagging and improvement of tree lighting conditions are effective techniques for promoting fruit coloring and improving fruit surface finish. 1, timely bagging and removal bags (1) paper bag selection. At present, the paper bags suitable for apple production include single-layer bags, double-layer bags, and plastic film bags. According to their quality, they are divided into many types. Most of the bags used in our area are single-layer bags and low-quality double-layer bags. High-quality apples should be based on double-layer bags produced by Kobayashi bags, Taiwan, and Longkou in the future, and a small amount of locally produced single-layer, double-layer, and plastic bags. (2) The time and method of bagging (taking an imported double bag as an example). The period of bagging should be selected from the middle and late June to early July after fruit physiological fruiting. Bagging time should be chosen from 9am to 6pm, which can effectively avoid day burns. The method of bagging is to open the vents at the two corners of the fruit bag so as to expand the bag body. Hold the bag under the mouth by 2-3 cm and put the fruit on it so that the handle is at the base of the opening of the bag. In the middle, press the folding fan on the two sides of the line to fold the bag opening, and then tear it at the connection point above the line opening. Turn the binding line upside down by 90 degrees. Rotate the bag along the bag mouth to fasten the bag. The bag port should be upward as far as possible to make it close to the fruit. In the platform, let the young fruit hang in the bag to prevent the fruit bag from rubbing the fruit surface. Also note that the binding thread should not be caught on the handle to prevent damage to the handle. The order of bagging should be top and bottom, first inside and outside, and single-layer bags can refer to. (3) The time and method of bag removal. The period of bag picking for apples is different from that of bags and varieties. The single-layer bags of yellow-green varieties can be removed at the time of harvesting, and the single-layer bags of red varieties are used. The bags are taken about 30 days before harvesting. The body is torn off into an umbrella shape, and the bag is removed 5-7 days later to prevent sunburn. The red variety uses a double-layered bag to pick the outer bag 30-40 days before harvest and remove the outer bag after 4-. Remove the inner bag after 5 sunny days. The best time to remove bags in the day is from 9 a.m. to 11 p.m. and from 3 p.m. to 5 p.m. as much as possible to avoid the strongest time of daylight at noon in order to avoid day burns. 2, thinning and laying reflective film (1) thinning. In order to solve the problem of illumination in the crown and give full play to the role of the reflective film, about 6 weeks before the fruit is harvested, the dense new shoots on the periphery of the crown and the fruit, the erect leggy on the back, the dense branches, and the branches that seriously affect the illumination in the crown Lose, increase the intensity of the direct light under the crown, so that the degree of optometry of the canopy reaches 20-30%. (2) laying reflective film on the ground. After the thinning, the reflective film can be laid. The time is generally 5-6 weeks before fruit picking. The late-maturing variety Red Fuji is generally in late September (the bagging fruit should be after the removal of the bag). Generally, 0.5m from the main trunk of the canopy, a reflective film of 1m in width is laid in the north and south and each side of the canopy is covered with a 1m wide reflective film. The length of the reflective film is determined by the spacing of the plants. The distance between the lines is about 1m. The work lanes will be washed and reused before harvesting. 3, picking leaves and transfer fruit (1) picking leaves. Picking the leaves is to remove the masking fruit surface and the leaves that affect the coloring of fruits before harvesting. The time is 10-30 days before harvesting. Red Fuji can be taken 25-30 days before harvesting. Other varieties can be harvested before harvesting. -25 days pick leaves. The leaves were generally divided into two stages. Fuji apples were first removed at the end of September. The second time, the shaded leaves at the base of the branches were removed within 5-10 cm. Because this work is relatively time-consuming, it can also be removed at one time. Picking leaves is 20-30% of the total leaf volume of the whole tree. (2) Turn fruit. It is usually done one week after the bag is removed. After the sunny side of the fruit is fully colored, turn it in a clockwise direction so that the backside of the fruit turns to the positive side. If there is a condition, it can be fixed with transparent tape. Generally, the fruit is transferred 3-4 times until The whole fruit is completely colored. (3) Spray fruit color enhancer. Spraying twice 2000 times apple flavoring agent 30--40 days before picking, plus 300 times more potassium dihydrogen phosphate mixture, this technology is only used as an auxiliary color enhancement technology. Seventh, do a good job of comprehensive prevention and control of pests and diseases 1. Strengthen the forecast and forecast of pests and diseases, and take targeted actions to prevent and control them. 2. Before germination, fully sweep the orchard and completely scrape the ring vein spots and rough skin on the branches. Then apply 50% carbendazim wettable powder 50-100 times more penetrant, and finally the whole tree spray 50-100 times of carbendazim or 5Be lime sulfur. 3, before and after the flowering period can focus on the spraying of diflubenzuron 3, 1500-2000 times, 2000 times the sudden death of the net, omethoate 1000 times and thiophanate-methyl, carbendazim and other fungicides, used to prevent leaf miner, red Spiders, aphids, leaf roller moths and various pests and diseases. Spray 50% carbendazim 600 times or thiophanate-methyl 800 times in 2-3 days before bagging. In addition, it is necessary to spray 2-3 times of amino acid calcium 500 times before spraying to bagging. 4. After bagging, 200 times the amount of Bordeaux mixture, 80% of mancozeb, or M45 800 times of liquid are sprayed several times before the fruit is harvested. Generally, it is sprayed every 10-15 days. 5, after the fruit is taken until the winter, remove the fallen leaves, weeds, cut off the branches and fruits of pests, buried or burned. Severe tree ring disease, the whole tree spray 100 times again carbendazim WP. 8. Appropriate harvest and fine-picking of different varieties of apples should be harvested according to their maturity in the local area. Early and late will affect their intrinsic quality. Red Fuji apple harvest time in Binzhou is late October. In early November. Picking should be done lightly, gently, and avoid bumps, fingernail stab wounds, and other mechanical injuries. After picking, cut the fruit handle, grading it strictly, put on a foam mesh cover, and put it in a fruit box.

Frozen Catfish

Frozen Catfish,Frozen Cat Fish,Frozen Pangasius

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